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Who Make Metal Art Work in Richland County Wisconsin

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Aspect of history

The history of Wisconsin encompasses the story not just of the people who have lived in Wisconsin since it became a state of the U.Southward., but as well that of the Native American tribes who made their homeland in Wisconsin, the French and British colonists who were the outset Europeans to alive there, and the American settlers who lived in Wisconsin when it was a territory.

Since its access to the Matrimony on May 29, 1848 every bit 30th country, Wisconsin has been ethnically heterogeneous, with Yankees being among the first to arrive from New York and New England. They dominated the country's heavy industry, finance, politics and didactics. Large numbers of European immigrants followed them, including High german Americans, mostly between 1850 and 1900, Scandinavians (the largest grouping being Norwegian Americans) and smaller groups of Belgian Americans, Dutch Americans, Swiss Americans, Finnish Americans, Irish Americans and others; in the 20th century, large numbers of Polish Americans and African Americans came, settling mainly in Milwaukee.

Politically the state was predominantly Republican until recent years, when it became more evenly balanced. The state took a national leadership role in the Progressive Movement, nether the aegis of Robert M. La Follette Sr. and his family, who fought the sometime baby-sit bitterly at the country and national levels. The "Wisconsin Idea" called for the use of the higher learning in modernizing authorities, and the country is notable for its potent network of land universities.

Pre-Columbian history [edit]

The outset known inhabitants of what is now Wisconsin were Paleo-Indians, who first arrived in the region in about 10,000 BC at the end of the Water ice Age. The retreating glaciers left behind a tundra in Wisconsin inhabited by large animals, such as mammoths, mastodons, bison, behemothic beaver, and muskox. The Boaz mastodon and the Clovis artifacts discovered in Boaz, Wisconsin testify that the Paleo-Indians hunted these large animals. They also gathered plants as conifer forests grew in the glaciers' wake. With the decline and extinction of many large mammals in the Americas, the Paleo-Indian nutrition shifted toward smaller mammals like deer and bison.[one]

During the Archaic Period, from 6000 to 1000 BC, mixed conifer-hardwood forests also every bit mixed prairie-forests replaced Wisconsin's conifer forests. People continued to depend on hunting and gathering. Around 4000 BC they adult spear-throwers and copper tools such as axes, adzes, projectile points, knives, perforators, fishhooks and harpoons. Copper ornaments like beaded necklaces likewise appeared around 1500 BC. These people gathered copper ore at quarries on the Keweenaw Peninsula in Michigan and on Isle Royale in Lake Superior. They may have crafted copper artifacts by hammering and folding the metal and also by heating it to increase its malleability. However information technology is not certain if these people reached the level of copper smelting.[2] Regardless, the Copper Civilization of the Great Lakes region reached a level of sophistication unprecedented in North America. The Late Archaic Period also saw the emergence of cemeteries and ritual burials,[3] such as the one in Oconto.[4]

The Early Woodland Period began in 1000 BC as plants became an increasingly of import office of the people's diet. Small scale agronomics and pottery arrived in southern Wisconsin at this time. The primary crops were maize, beans and squash. Agronomics, withal, could non sufficiently back up these people, who also had to hunt and gather. Agronomics at this time was more akin to gardening than to farming.[v] Villages emerged forth rivers, streams and lakes, and the earliest earthen burial mounds were constructed.[6] The Havana Hopewell Culture arrived in Wisconsin in the Heart Woodland Flow, settling along the Mississippi River. The Hopewell people connected Wisconsin to their merchandise practices, which stretched from Ohio to Yellowstone and from Wisconsin to the Gulf of United mexican states. They constructed elaborate mounds, made elaborately busy pottery and brought a wide range of traded minerals to the surface area. The Hopewell people may have influenced the other inhabitants of Wisconsin, rather than displacing them.[seven] The Belatedly Woodland Period began in virtually 400 AD, following the disappearance of the Hopewell Culture from the surface area. The people of Wisconsin beginning used the bow and pointer in the final centuries of the Woodland Catamenia, and agronomics continued to be practiced in the southern role of the state. The effigy mound civilisation dominated Southern Wisconsin during this time, building earthen mounds in the shapes of animals. Unlike earlier mounds, many of these were not used for burials.[8] Examples of effigy mounds still exist at High Cliff Land Park and at Lizard Mound County Park. In northern Wisconsin people continued to survive on hunting and gathering, and constructed conical mounds.[9]

The largest platform mound at Aztalan, with modern reconstructions of steps and stockade

People of the Mississippian culture expanded into Wisconsin around 1050 Advertising and established a settlement at Aztalan along the Crawfish River. While begun by the Caddoan people, other cultures began to borrow & adapt the Mississippian cultural structure.[10] This elaborately planned site may have been the northernmost outpost of Cahokia, although it is also now known that some Siouan peoples along the Mississippi River may have taken part in the culture besides.[xi] [12] Regardless, the Mississippian site traded with and was clearly influenced in its civic and defensive planning, as well every bit culturally, past its much larger southern neighbour. A rectangular wood-and-dirt stockade surrounded the 20 acre site, which contained two big earthen mounds and a primal plaza. One mound may have been used for food storage, as a residence for high-ranking officials, or as a temple, and the other may accept been used as a mortuary. The Mississippian Civilization cultivated maize intensively, and their fields probably stretched far beyond the stockade at Aztalan, although modern agronomics has erased any traces of Mississippian practices in the area. Some rumors also speculate that the people of Aztalan may have experimented slightly with rock architecture in the making of a human-made, stone-line swimming, at the very least. While the first settler on the land of what is now the city supposedly reported this, he filled it in and information technology has nonetheless to be rediscovered.[13]

Both Woodland and Mississippian peoples inhabited Aztalan, which was connected to the all-encompassing Mississippian trade network. Shells from the Gulf of United mexican states, copper from Lake Superior and Manufactory Creek chert take been plant at the site. Aztalan was abandoned around 1200 AD.[xiv] [xv] The Oneota people subsequently built agriculturally based villages, similar to those of the Mississippians simply without the extensive trade networks, in the state.

Past the time the commencement Europeans arrived in Wisconsin, the Oneota had disappeared.[xvi] The historically documented inhabitants, as of the first European incursions, were the Siouan speaking Dakota Oyate to the northwest, the Chiwere speaking Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) and he Algonquian Menominee to the northeast, with their lands beginning approximately due north of Green Bay. The Chiwere lands were south of Green Bay and followed rivers to the southwest. Over fourth dimension, other tribes moved to Wisconsin, including the Ojibwe, the Illinois, the Fauk, the Sauk and the Mahican.[17] The Mahican were 1 of the last groups to arrived, coming from New York after the U.S. congress passed the Indian Removal Human activity of 1830.

Exploration and colonization [edit]

French period [edit]

The commencement European known to have landed in Wisconsin was Jean Nicolet. In 1634, Samuel de Champlain, governor of New French republic, sent Nicolet to contact the Ho-Chunk people, make peace between them and the Huron and aggrandize the fur merchandise, and possibly to as well find a water route to Asia. Accompanied by vii Huron guides, Nicolet left New French republic and canoed through Lake Huron and Lake Superior, and and then became the first European known to have entered Lake Michigan. Nicolet proceeded into Green Bay, which he named La Baie des Puants (literally "The Stinking Bay"), and probably came ashore about the Red Banks. He made contact with the Ho-Chunk and Menominee living in the area and established peaceful relations. Nicolet remained with the Ho-Chunk the winter before he returned to Quebec.[18]

The Beaver Wars fought between the Iroquois and the French prevented French explorers from returning to Wisconsin until 1652–1654, when Pierre Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers arrived at La Baie des Puants to trade furs. They returned to Wisconsin in 1659–1660, this fourth dimension at Chequamegon Bay on Lake Superior. On their second voyage they found that the Ojibwe had expanded into northern Wisconsin, as they continued to prosper in the fur trade. They also were the start Europeans to contact the Santee Dakota. They built a trading post and wintered most Ashland, before returning to Montreal.

In 1665 Claude-Jean Allouez, a Jesuit missionary, congenital a mission on Lake Superior. Five years later he abased the mission, and journeyed to La Baie des Puants. Two years afterward he built St. Francis Xavier Mission about nowadays-mean solar day De Pere. In his journeys through Wisconsin, he encountered groups of Native Americans who had been displaced by Iroquois in the Beaver Wars. He evangelized the Algonquin-speaking Potawatomi, who had settled on the Door Peninsula afterwards fleeing Iroquois attacks in Michigan. He also encountered the Algonquin-speaking Sauk, who had been forced into Michigan by the Iroquois, and and then had been forced into key Wisconsin by the Ojibwe and the Huron.

The side by side major expedition into Wisconsin was that of Begetter Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet in 1673. Later on hearing rumors from Indians telling of the existence of the Mississippi River, Marquette and Joliet set out from St. Ignace, in what is now Michigan, and entered the Flim-flam River at Green Bay. They canoed up the Play a joke on until they reached the river's westernmost indicate, and then portaged, or carried their boats, to the nearby Wisconsin River, where they resumed boating downstream to the Mississippi River. Marquette and Joliet reached the Mississippi near what is at present Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin in June, 1673.[19]

Nicolas Perrot, French commander of the west, established Fort St. Nicholas at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin in May, 1685, near the southwest stop of the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway. Perrot besides built a fort on the shores of Lake Pepin called Fort St. Antoine in 1686,[xx] and a 2nd fort, called Fort Perrot, on an island on Lake Peppin soon after. In 1727, Fort Beauharnois was synthetic on what is now the Minnesota side of Lake Pepin to supersede the ii previous forts. A fort and a Jesuit mission were also built on the shores of Lake Superior at La Pointe, in present-day Wisconsin, in 1693 and operated until 1698. A 2nd fort was built on the same site in 1718 and operated until 1759.[21] These were non military posts, but rather small storehouses for furs.

During the French colonial catamenia, the starting time blackness people came to Wisconsin. The first record of a black person comes from 1725, when a blackness slave was killed along with 4 French men in a Native American raid on Green Bay. Other French fur traders and military personnel brought slaves with them to Wisconsin later on in 1700s.[ citation needed ]

None of the French posts had permanent settlers; fur traders and missionaries simply visited them from time to time to carry business.

The Second Pull a fast one on War [edit]

In the 1720s, the anti-French Fox tribe, led by war chief Kiala, raided French settlements on the Mississippi River and disrupted French trade on Lake Michigan. From 1728 to 1733, the Fox fought against the French-supported Potawatomi, Ojibwa, Huron and Ottawa tribes. In 1733, Kiala was captured and sold into slavery in the Westward Indies along with other captured Flim-flam.

Before the war, the Fob tribe numbered 1500, but past 1733, only 500 Fox were left. As a issue, the Fox joined the Sauk people.[22]

The details are unclear, but this state of war appears to accept been part of the conflict that expelled the Dakota & Illinois peoples out onto the Slap-up Plains, causing further displacement of other Chiwere, Caddoan & Algonquian peoples there—including the ancestors of the Ioway, Osage, Pawnee,[23] Arikara,[24] A'ani,[25] Arapaho, Hidatsa, Cheyenne & Blackfoot.

The British period [edit]

The British gradually took over Wisconsin during the French and Indian War, taking control of Greenish Bay in 1761, gaining command of all of Wisconsin in 1763, and annexing the expanse to the Province of Quebec in 1774. Like the French, the British were interested in piddling but the fur merchandise. One notable consequence in the fur trading industry in Wisconsin occurred in 1791, when two costless African Americans set a fur trading postal service among the Menominee at present mean solar day Marinette. The first permanent settlers, mostly French Canadians, some Anglo-New Englanders and a few African American freedmen, arrived in Wisconsin while it was under British control. Charles Michel de Langlade is by and large recognized as the first settler, establishing a trading mail at Dark-green Bay in 1745, and moving there permanently in 1764.[27] In 1766 the Imperial Governor of the new territory, Robert Rogers, engaged Jonathan Carver to explore and map the newly caused territories for the Crown, and to search for a possible Northwest Passage. Carver left Fort Michilimackinac that spring and spent the next three years exploring and mapping what is now Wisconsin and parts of Minnesota.

Settlement began at Prairie du Chien effectually 1781. The French residents at the trading mail in what is at present Light-green Bay, referred to the town every bit "La Bey", notwithstanding British fur traders referred to information technology equally "Green Bay", because the water and the shore causeless greenish tints in early spring. The old French title was gradually dropped, and the British name of "Greenish Bay" eventually stuck. The region coming under British rule had near no adverse effect on the French residents as the British needed the cooperation of the French fur traders and the French fur traders needed the goodwill of the British. During the French occupation of the region licenses for fur trading had been issued scarcely and just to select groups of traders, whereas the British, in an effort to brand as much money every bit possible from the region, issued licenses for fur trading freely, both to British and French residents. The fur trade in what is at present Wisconsin reached its summit nether British rule, and the starting time self-sustaining farms in the state were established at this time as well. From 1763 to 1780, Dark-green Bay was a prosperous community which produced its ain foodstuff, built graceful cottages and held dances and festivities.[28]

The territorial period [edit]

The U.s. caused Wisconsin in the Treaty of Paris (1783). Massachusetts claimed the territory e of the Mississippi River between the nowadays-day Wisconsin-Illinois border and present-24-hour interval La Crosse, Wisconsin. Virginia claimed the territory northward of La Crosse to Lake Superior and all of nowadays-twenty-four hours Minnesota eastward of the Mississippi River. Shortly afterward, in 1787, the Americans made Wisconsin part of the new Northwest Territory. Later, in 1800, Wisconsin became part of Indiana Territory. Despite the fact that Wisconsin belonged to the United States at this time, the British connected to control the local fur trade and maintain military alliances with Wisconsin Indians in an effort to stall American expansion west by creating a pro-British Indian barrier land.

The War of 1812 and the Indian wars [edit]

The U.s. did not firmly do control over Wisconsin until the State of war of 1812. In 1814, the Americans built Fort Shelby at Prairie du Chien. During the war, the Americans and British fought one battle in Wisconsin, the July, 1814 Siege of Prairie du Chien, which ended as a British victory. The British captured Fort Shelby and renamed it Fort McKay, after Major William McKay, the British commander who led the forces that won the Battle of Prairie du Chien. However, the 1815 Treaty of Ghent reaffirmed American jurisdiction over Wisconsin, which was by and then a part of Illinois Territory. Following the treaty, British troops burned Fort McKay, rather than giving it back to the Americans, and departed Wisconsin.[29] To protect Prairie du Chien from hereafter attacks, the Usa Ground forces constructed Fort Crawford in 1816, on the same site equally Fort Shelby.[thirty] Fort Howard was also congenital in 1816 in Green Bay.[31]

Significant American settlement in Wisconsin, a part of Michigan Territory beginning in 1818, was delayed by two Indian wars, the small Winnebago State of war of 1827 and the larger Black Hawk War of 1832.

The Winnebago War [edit]

The Winnebago War started when, in 1826, two Winnebago men were detained at Fort Crawford on charges of murder so transferred to Fort Snelling in present-day Minnesota. The Winnebago in the surface area believed that both men had been executed. On June 27, 1827, a Winnebago war ring led past Chief Crimson Bird and the prophet White Deject (Wabokieshiek) attacked a family of settlers exterior of Prairie du Chien, killing two men. They then went on to assault ii keel-boats on the Mississippi River that were heading toward Fort Snelling, killing two men and injuring four more. Seven Winnebago warriors were killed in those attacks. The war band also attacked settlers on the lower Wisconsin River and the pb mines at Galena, Illinois. The war band surrendered at Portage, Wisconsin, rather than fighting the United States Regular army that was pursuing them.[32]

The Blackness Militarist War [edit]

In the Black Hawk War, Sac, Fox, and Kickapoo Native Americans, otherwise known as the British Band, led by Chief Black Hawk, who had been relocated from Illinois to Iowa, attempted to resettle in their Illinois homeland on April v, 1832, in violation of Treaty. On May ten Chief Black Hawk decided to get back to Iowa. On May xiv, Black Hawk'south forces met with a grouping of militia men led by Isaiah Stillman. All 3 members of Black Hawk's parley were shot and i was killed. The Battle of Stillman's Run ensued, leaving twelve militia men and 3 to five Sac and Fox warriors expressionless. Of the xv battles of the war, 6 took identify in Wisconsin. The other 9 as well as several smaller skirmishes took place in Illinois. The first confrontation to accept place in Wisconsin was the first attack on Fort Blue Mounds on June 6, in which 1 member of the local militia was killed outside of the fort. There was too the Spafford Farm Massacre on June xiv, the Battle of Horseshoe Bend on June 16, which was a The states victory, the second attack on Fort Blue Mounds on June xx, and the Sinsinawa Mound raid on June 29. The Native Americans were defeated at the Battle of Wisconsin Heights on July 21, with forty to 70 killed and only one killed on the The states side. The Ho Clamper Nation fought on the side of the United States. The Black Hawk State of war ended with the Battle of Bad Axe on Baronial ane–2, with over 150 of the British Band expressionless and 75 captured and only five killed in the United States forces. Those crossing the Mississippi were killed by Lakota, American and Ho Clamper Forces. Many of the British Ring survivors were handed over to the U.s. on Baronial 20 past the Lakota Tribe, with the exception of Blackness Hawk, who had retreated into Vernon County, Wisconsin and White Cloud, who surrendered on August 27, 1832. Black Hawk was captured by Decorah south of Bangor, Wisconsin, southward of the headwaters of the La Crosse River. He was then sold to the U.Southward. war machine at Prairie du Chien, accepted past future Confederate president, Stephen Davis, who was a soldier at the fourth dimension. Blackness Hawk'south tribe had killed his daughter. Blackness Hawk moved back to Iowa in 1833, later on being held prisoner past the United States regime.[33]

Territorial settlement [edit]

The state seal of Wisconsin contains a shovel and pickaxe, reflecting the importance of lead mining to Wisconsin's history.

The resolution of these Indian conflicts opened the way for Wisconsin's settlement. Many of the region'southward starting time settlers were fatigued by the prospect of lead mining in southwest Wisconsin. This area had traditionally been mined past Native Americans. Yet, after a series of treaties removed the Indians, the atomic number 82 mining region was opened to white miners. Thousands rushed in from across the state to dig for the "grey aureate". By 1829, four,253 miners and 52 licensed smelting works were in the region.[35] Proficient miners from Cornwall in Britain informed a big part of the moving ridge of immigrants. Boom towns like Mineral Betoken, Platteville, Shullsburg, Belmont, and New Diggings sprang upwardly effectually mines. The first two federal land offices in Wisconsin were opened in 1834 at Light-green Bay and at Mineral Signal.[1] By the 1840s, southwest Wisconsin mines were producing more than than half of the nation's lead, which was no small corporeality, every bit the United States was producing annually some 31 1000000 pounds of lead.[36] Wisconsin was dubbed the "Badger State" considering of the lead miners who first settled there in the 1820s and 1830s. Without shelter in the winter, they had to "live like badgers" in tunnels burrowed into hillsides.[37]

Although the lead mining area drew the first major wave of settlers, its population would soon be eclipsed by growth in Milwaukee. Milwaukee, along with Sheboygan, Manitowoc, and Kewaunee, tin can exist traced back to a serial of trading posts established by the French trader Jacques Vieau in 1795. Vieau'due south post at the mouth of the Milwaukee River was purchased in 1820 by Solomon Juneau, who had visited the surface area as early on as 1818. Juneau moved to what is now Milwaukee and took over the trading post's performance in 1825.

When the fur trade began to reject, Juneau focused on developing the country effectually his trading post. In the 1830s he formed a partnership with Dark-green Bay lawyer Morgan Martin, and the two men bought 160 acres (0.6 km2) of land between Lake Michigan and the Milwaukee River. There they founded the settlement of Juneautown. Meanwhile, an Ohio businessman named Byron Kilbourn began to invest in the land due west of the Milwaukee River, forming the settlement of Kilbourntown. South of these ii settlements, George H. Walker founded the town of Walker'due south Point in 1835. Each of these three settlements engaged in a fierce contest to attract the most residents and go the largest of the iii towns. In 1840, the Wisconsin State Legislature ordered the construction of a bridge over the Milwaukee River to supplant the inadequate ferry system. In 1845, Byron Kilbourn, who had been trying to isolate Juneautown to make it more than dependent on Kilbourntown, destroyed a portion of the span, which started the Milwaukee Bridge War. For several weeks, skirmishes broke out between the residents of both towns. No i was killed but several people were injured, some seriously. On January 31, 1846 the settlements of Juneautown, Kilbourntown, and Walker'south Point merged into the incorporated city of Milwaukee. Solomon Juneau was elected mayor. The new city had a population of about 10,000 people, making it the largest metropolis in the territory. Milwaukee remains the largest city in Wisconsin to this mean solar day.

Wisconsin Territory [edit]

Map of Wisconsin Territory 1836–1848

Wisconsin Territory was created by an deed of the U.s.a. Congress on April 20, 1836. By fall of that yr, the best prairie groves of the counties surrounding Milwaukee were occupied by New England farmers.[38] The new territory initially included all of the present day states of Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa, as well as parts of N and South Dakota. At the time the Congress chosen it the "Wiskonsin Territory".[39]

The commencement territorial governor of Wisconsin was Henry Dodge. He and other territorial lawmakers were initially busied by organizing the territory'southward government and selecting a capital city. The pick of a location to build a capitol caused a heated debate amid the territorial politicians. At start, Governor Dodge selected Belmont, located in the heavily populated lead mining commune, to exist capital letter. Before long after the new legislature convened in that location, yet, it became obvious that Wisconsin's showtime capitol was inadequate. Numerous other suggestions for the location of the capital were given representing nearly every urban center that existed in the territory at the time, and Governor Dodge left the conclusion upward to the other lawmakers. The legislature accepted a proposal by James Duane Doty to build a new city named Madison on an isthmus between lakes Mendota and Monona and put the territory'due south permanent capital there.[40] In 1837, while Madison was being built, the capitol was temporarily moved to Burlington. This metropolis was transferred to Iowa Territory in 1838, along with all the lands of Wisconsin Territory w of the Mississippi River.[41]

Republic on the Wisconsin borderland [edit]

Wyman calls Wisconsin a "palimpsest" of layer upon layer of peoples and forces, each imprinting permanent influences. He identified these layers as multiple "frontiers" over iii centuries: Native American frontier, French frontier, English language frontier, fur-trade frontier, mining frontier, and the logging frontier. Finally the coming of the railroad brought the end of the frontier.[42]

The historian of the frontier, Frederick Jackson Turner, grew upwards in Wisconsin during its last borderland phase, and in his travels around the state he could see the layers of social and political development. One of Turner'southward terminal students, Merle Curti used in-depth assay of local history in Trempeleau County to examination Turner's thesis about democracy. Turner'south view was that American democracy, "involved widespread participation in the making of decisions affecting the common life, the development of initiative and cocky-reliance, and equality of economical and cultural opportunity. Information technology thus too involved Americanization of immigrant."[43] Curti establish that from 1840 to 1860 in Wisconsin the poorest groups gained quickly in land ownership, and oft rose to political leadership at the local level. He found that fifty-fifty landless young farm workers were soon able to obtain their own farms. Gratuitous land on the borderland therefore created opportunity and republic, for both European immigrants too as old stock Yankees.[44]

Statehood [edit]

By the mid-1840s, the population of Wisconsin Territory had exceeded 150,000, more twice the number of people required for Wisconsin to get a state. In 1846, the territorial legislature voted to apply for statehood. That fall, 124 delegates debated the state constitution. The document produced by this convention was considered extremely progressive for its time. It banned commercial banking, granted married women the right to own belongings, and left the question of African-American suffrage to a pop vote. Most Wisconsinites considered the offset constitution to be as well radical, even so, and voted it downward in an April 1847 referendum.

In December 1847, a 2nd constitutional convention was chosen. This convention resulted in a new, more moderate country constitution that Wisconsinites approved in a March 1848 referendum, enabling Wisconsin to become the 30th state on May 29, 1848. Wisconsin was the last state entirely due east of the Mississippi River (and by extension the last land formed entirely from territory assigned to the U.S. in the 1783 Treaty of Paris) to exist admitted to the Union.

With statehood, came the cosmos of the University of Wisconsin–Madison, which is the land's oldest public university. The cosmos of this academy was fix aside in the state lease.

Early state economy [edit]

In 1847, the Mineral Point Tribune reported that the boondocks's furnaces were producing 43,800 pounds (19,900 kg) of lead each 24-hour interval. Lead mining in southwest Wisconsin began to refuse later 1848 and 1849 when the combination of less easily accessible lead ore and the California Aureate Blitz made miners get out the area. The pb mining industry in mining communities such every bit Mineral Point managed to survive into the 1860s, merely the industry was never as prosperous as it was before the refuse.

By 1850 Wisconsin's population was 305,000. Roughly a third (103,000) were Yankees from New England and western New York state. The second largest group were the Germans, numbering roughly 38,000, followed past 28,000 British immigrants from England, Scotland and Wales. In that location were roughly 63,000 Wisconsin-born residents of the state. The Yankee migrants would exist the dominant political course in Wisconsin for many years.[45]

A railroad frenzy swept Wisconsin presently later it achieved statehood. The outset railroad line in the country was opened between Milwaukee and Waukesha in 1851 by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad. The railroad pushed on, reaching Milton, Wisconsin in 1852, Stoughton, Wisconsin in 1853, and the capital city of Madison in 1854. The company reached its goal of completing a rail line across the land from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi River when the line to Prairie du Chien was completed in 1857. Shortly after this, other railroad companies completed their ain tracks, reaching La Crosse in the west and Superior in the north, spurring evolution in those cities. By the stop of the 1850s, railroads crisscrossed the state, enabling the growth of other industries that could at present easily send products to markets across the country.

Early on state politics [edit]

The Fiddling White Schoolhouse, in Ripon, 1854, which hosted the first meeting of what became the national Republican Political party.

Nelson Dewey, the first governor of Wisconsin, was a Democrat. Born in Lebanon, Connecticut,[46] [47] Dewey'southward father's family unit had lived in New England since 1633, when their ancestor, Thomas Due, had come to America from Kent Canton, England.[47] Dewey oversaw the transition from the territorial to the new state authorities.[47] He encouraged the development of the country's infrastructure, particularly the structure of new roads, railroads, canals, and harbors, as well every bit the improvement of the Pull a fast one on and Wisconsin Rivers.[47] During his administration, the State Board of Public Works was organized.[47] Dewey was an abolitionist and the first of many Wisconsin governors to advocate confronting the spread of slavery into new states and territories.[47] The home Dewey built near Cassville is now a state park.[48]

Betwixt 1848 and 1862, Wisconsin had 3 Democratic governors, all of whom were in office prior to 1856, four Republican governors, all of whom were in office afterwards 1856, and one Whig governor, Leonard J. Farwell, who served from 1852 to 1854. Under Farwell's governorship, Wisconsin became the second state to abolish death sentence.

In the presidential elections of 1848 and 1852, the Democratic Party won Wisconsin. In the elections of 1856, 1860, and 1864, the Republican Party won the state.

New parties [edit]

Between the 1840s and 1860s, settlers from New England, New York and Germany arrived in Wisconsin. Some of them brought radical political ideas to the state. In the 1850s, end-overs on the underground railroad were gear up up in the land and abolitionist groups were formed. Some abolitionist and free-soil activists left the Whig and Democratic parties, running and in some cases being elected every bit candidates of the Liberty Party and Free Soil Political party. The near successful such group was the Republican Political party. On March 20, 1854, the kickoff county coming together of the Republican Political party of the United states, consisting of about thirty people, was held in the Little White Schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. Ripon claims to be the birthplace of the Republican Party, as does Jackson, Michigan, where the outset statewide convention was held. The new party captivated most of the quondam Free Soil and Liberty Political party members.

Abolitionism [edit]

A notable instance of abolitionism in Wisconsin was the rescue of Joshua Glover, an escaped slave from St. Louis who sought refuge in Racine, Wisconsin in 1852. He was caught in 1854 by federal marshals and put in a jail at Cathedral Foursquare in Milwaukee, where he waited to exist returned to his owner. A mob of 5,000 people led by Milwaukee abolitionist Sherman Booth, himself a "Yankee" transplant from rural New York,[49] sprung Glover from jail and helped him escape to Canada via the underground railroad.

Immigration [edit]

In the 1850s, two-thirds of immigrants to Wisconsin came from the eastern United States, the other ane-tertiary being foreign-born. The majority of the foreign born were High german immigrants. Many Irish gaelic and Norwegian immigrants likewise came to Wisconsin in the 1850s. Northern Europeans, many of whom were persecuted in their dwelling house countries because of their back up for the failed bourgeois Revolutions of 1848, often chose Wisconsin because of the liberal constitution of human rights such equally the state'due south unusual recognition of immigrants' right to vote and rights to citizenship.[l]

Yankees and ethnocultural politics [edit]

Yankee settlers from New England started arriving in Wisconsin in the 1830s spread throughout the southern half of the territory. They dominated early politics. Most of them started every bit farmers, simply the larger proportion moved to towns and cities every bit entrepreneurs, businessmen and professionals.

Historian John Bunker has examined the worldview of the Yankee settlers in the Wisconsin:

Because they arrived first and had a strong sense of community and mission, Yankees were able to transplant New England institutions, values, and mores, contradistinct just past the weather of frontier life. They established a public culture that emphasized the work ethic, the sanctity of individual property, individual responsibility, faith in residential and social mobility, practicality, piety, public lodge and decorum, reverence for public educational activity, activists, honest, and frugal regime, town meeting republic, and he believed that there was a public involvement that transcends item and stick ambitions. Regarding themselves every bit the elect and just in a world rife with sin, air, and corruption, they felt a potent moral obligation to define and enforce standards of customs and personal beliefs....This pietistic worldview was substantially shared past British, Scandinavian, Swiss, English-Canadian and Dutch Reformed immigrants, as well as by German Protestants and many of the "Forty-Niners."[51]

Civil War and Gold Age [edit]

Civil War [edit]

The color baby-sit of the Wisconsin 8th Infantry with Erstwhile Abe.

Wisconsin enrolled 91,379 men in the Marriage Ground forces during the American Civil War. 272 of enlisted Wisconsin men were African American, and the remainder were white. Of these, 3,794 were killed in action or mortally wounded, 8,022 died of disease, and 400 were killed in accidents. The total mortality was 12,216 men, about 13.iv percent of total enlistments.[52] Many soldiers trained at Campsite Randall currently the site of the University of Wisconsin's athletic stadium.

The typhoon implemented by President Lincoln in 1862 was unpopular in some Wisconsin communities, especially among High german and Luxembourgish immigrants. In November 1862, draft riots bankrupt out in Milwaukee, Port Washington, and West Bend, which were quelled by deploying U.S. troops in the cities.[53]

Most Wisconsin troops served in the western theater, although several Wisconsin regiments fought in the east, such as the 2nd Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment, 6th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment, and 7th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which formed part of the Iron Brigade. These iii regiments fought in the Northern Virginia Campaign, the Maryland Entrada, the Boxing of Fredericksburg, the Battle of Chancellorsville, the Gettysburg Entrada, the Battle of Mine Run, the Overland Campaign, the Siege of Petersburg, and the Appomattox Campaign.

The 8th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which fought in the western theater of state of war, is also worthy of mention, having fought at the Boxing of Iuka, the Siege of Vicksburg, the Ruby River Entrada, and the Boxing of Nashville. The 8th Wisconsin is also known for its mascot, Old Abe.

Economic growth [edit]

Agriculture [edit]

A stone barn built for cows in Wisconsin. The circular silo was used to store feed.

Agriculture was a major component of the Wisconsin economic system during the 19th century. Wheat was a primary crop on early Wisconsin farms. In fact, during the mid 19th century, Wisconsin produced near ane sixth of the wheat grown in the United States.[54] Nevertheless, wheat quickly depleted nutrients in the soil, especially nitrogen, and was vulnerable to insects, bad weather, and wheat leafage rust. In the 1860s, chinch bugs arrived in Wisconsin and damaged wheat beyond the state. As the soil lost its quality and prices dropped, the practice of wheat farming moved west into Iowa and Minnesota. Some Wisconsin farmers responded by experimenting with crop rotation and other methods to restore the soil's fertility, but a larger number turned to alternatives to wheat.[55]

In parts of northern Wisconsin, farmers cultivated cranberries and in a few counties in south central Wisconsin, farmers had success growing tobacco, simply the most popular replacement for wheat was dairy farming. As wheat fell out of favor, many Wisconsin farmers started raising dairy cattle and growing feed crops, which were better suited to Wisconsin's climate and soil.[55] I reason for the popularity of dairy farming was that many of Wisconsin's farmers had come to the country from New York, the leading producer of dairy products at the time. In addition, many immigrants from Europe brought an extensive noesis of cheese making. Dairying was also promoted by the University of Wisconsin–Madison'south school of agronomics, which offered education to dairy farmers and researched ways to produce amend dairy products. The offset examination of butterfat content in milk was developed at the university, which allowed for consistency in the quality of butter and cheese. By 1899, over 90 percent of Wisconsin farms raised dairy cows and by 1915, Wisconsin had become the leading producer of dairy products in the United states,[56] a position it held until the 1990s.[57] The term America's Dairyland appeared in newspapers as early as 1913 when the state's butterfat product became get-go in the nation.[58] In 1939 the state legislature enacted a bill to add the slogan to the land'southward automobile license plates.[59] [lx] It continues to be the nation's largest producer of cheese, no longer focusing on the raw material (milk) but rather the value-added products. Because of this, Wisconsin continues to promote itself as "America'southward Dairyland", Wisconsinites are referred to every bit cheeseheads in some parts of the country, including Wisconsin, and cream cheesehead hats are associated with Wisconsin and its NFL team, the Green Bay Packers.[61]

Brewing [edit]

The showtime brewery in Wisconsin was opened in 1835 in Mineral Betoken by brewer John Phillips. A year later, he opened a second brewery in Elk Grove.[62] In 1840, the first brewery in Milwaukee was opened by Richard G. Owens, William Pawlett, and John Davis, all Welsh immigrants.[63] By 1860, nearly 200 breweries operated in Wisconsin, more than than 40 of them in Milwaukee. The huge growth in the brewing manufacture tin exist accredited, in office, to the influx of German immigrants to Wisconsin in the 1840s and 1850s.[64] Milwaukee breweries also grew in book due to the devastation of Chicago's breweries during the neat Chicago fire.[65] In the second half of the 19th century, iv of the largest breweries in the United states opened in Milwaukee: Miller Brewing Company, Pabst Brewing Company, Valentin Blatz Brewing Company, and Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company. In the 20th century Pabst absorbed Blatz and Schlitz, and moved its brewery and corporate headquarters to California. Miller continues to operate in Milwaukee. The Jacob Leinenkugel Brewing Visitor opened in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin in 1867 and continues to operate at that place to this day.

Logging [edit]

Logs being transported on a sleigh after being cut.

Agriculture was non viable in the densely forested northern and fundamental parts of Wisconsin. Settlers came to this region for logging. The timber industry starting time gear up along the Wisconsin River. Rivers were used to transport lumber from where the forest was being cut, to the sawmills. Sawmills in cities like Wausau and Stevens Point sawed the lumber into boards that were used for structure. The Wolf River also saw considerable logging by industrious Menominee. The Black and Chippewa Rivers formed a third major logging region. That area was dominated by i company endemic by Frederick Weyerhaeuser. The construction of railroads allowed loggers to log year circular, afterward rivers froze, and go deeper into the forests to cutting down previously unshippable wood supplies. Wood products from Wisconsin's forests such as doors, article of furniture, beams, aircraft boxes, and ships were made in industrial cities with connects to the Wisconsin lumber industry such as Chicago, Milwaukee, Sheboygan, and Manitowoc. Milwaukee and Manitowoc were centers for commercial transport building in Wisconsin. Many cargo ships built in these communities were used to transport lumber from logging ports to major industrial cities.[66] Subsequently a growing paper manufacture in the Fox River Valley made utilize of wood pulp from the state'due south lumber industry.

Logging was a dangerous merchandise, with high accident rates. On October viii, 1871, the Peshtigo Fire burned one,875 square miles (iv,850 km2) of forest country around the timber industry town of Peshtigo, Wisconsin, killing betwixt i,200 and 2,500 people. Information technology was the deadliest burn down in United States history.

Paper Mills in Appleton in 1900

From the 1870s to the 1890s, much of the logging in Wisconsin was done past immigrants from Scandinavia.

By the first of the twentieth century, logging in Wisconsin had gone into decline. Many forests had been cleared and never replanted and large corporations in the Pacific Northwest took business abroad from the Wisconsin manufacture. The logging companies sold their state to immigrants and out of work lumberjacks who hoped to turn the acres of pine stumps into farms, but few met with success.[67]

Wisconsin is known in the 18th century to have discovered gold deposits in western Wisconsin. Such discoveries occurred effectually the boondocks of St. Croix Falls where a settler stumbled across a gold nugget valued to exist worth lots at the fourth dimension. Information technology'southward no surprise Wisconsin's western region was one time the site of volcanic eruptions so it makes sense that minerals that weren't ordinarily found in other parts of the state would be nowadays here.

20th century [edit]

The early 20th century was also notable for the emergence of progressive politics championed by Robert K. La Follette. Between 1901 and 1914, Progressive Republicans in Wisconsin created the nation's first comprehensive statewide primary election system,[68] the outset effective workplace injury compensation constabulary,[69] and the first country income tax,[70] making taxation proportional to actual earnings. The progressive Wisconsin Idea also promoted the statewide expansion of the University of Wisconsin through the UW-Extension organisation at this time.[71] Later, UW economics professors John R. Eatables and Harold Groves helped Wisconsin create the first unemployment bounty program in the U.s. in 1932.[72]

In the immediate aftermath of World State of war Ii, citizens of Wisconsin were divided over things such every bit the cosmos of the United Nations, support for the European recovery, and the growth of the Soviet Union's power. Withal, when Europe divided into Communist and capitalist camps and the Communist revolution in China succeeded in 1949, public opinion began to move towards back up for the protection of democracy and capitalism against Communist expansion.[73]

Wisconsin took function in several political extremes in the mid to late 20th century, ranging from the anti-communist crusades of Senator Joseph McCarthy in the 1950s to the radical antiwar protests at UW-Madison that culminated in the Sterling Hall bombing in Baronial 1970. The land became a leader in welfare reform under Republican Governor Tommy Thompson during the 1990s.[74] The land'southward economy also underwent further transformations towards the shut of the 20th century, as heavy industry and manufacturing declined in favor of a service economic system based on medicine, education, agribusiness, and tourism.

21st century [edit]

In 2011, Wisconsin became the focus of some controversy when newly elected governor Scott Walker proposed and then successfully passed and enacted 2011 Wisconsin Act x, which made big changes in the areas of collective bargaining, compensation, retirement, health insurance, and sick leave of public sector employees, among other changes.[75] A series of major protests by marriage supporters took place that twelvemonth in protest to the changes, and Walker survived a think election held the side by side year, becoming the beginning governor in Us history to practice so.[76] Walker enacted other bills promoting conservative governance, such every bit a right-to-work law,[77] abortion restrictions,[78] and legislation removing sure gun controls.[79] [fourscore] [81]

Run into also [edit]

  • Wisconsin Magazine of History, scholarly manufactures on Wisconsin history
  • Women'southward suffrage in Wisconsin
  • History of the Midwestern The states
  • History of Milwaukee, Wisconsin
  • Northwest Territory
  • List of Wisconsin Civil State of war units
  • List of governors of Wisconsin

References [edit]

  1. ^ Milwaukee Public Museum. "Paleo-Indians (10000 BC-8500 BC) Archived 2016-09-21 at the Wayback Auto".
  2. ^ Milwaukee Public Museum. "Old Copper Culture".
  3. ^ Milwaukee Public Museum. "Early on, Middle and Late Archaic (viii,000 BC-1000 BC) Archived 2016-09-21 at the Wayback Car".
  4. ^ "Copper Civilization History," Wisconsin DNR, http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/parks/name/copperculture/history.html
  5. ^ Mississippi Valley Archæology Center. "Nutrient: Hunting, Gathering and Gardening Archived 2016-10-22 at the Wayback Machine".
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  8. ^ Wisconsin Historical Gild. "Effigy Mounds Culture"
  9. ^ Milwaukee Public Museum. "Late Woodland (400 AD-1100 Advertising) Archived 2016-09-21 at the Wayback Car".
  10. ^ Barnett, Jim. "The Natchez Indians". Mississippi History Now. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
  11. ^ "Relation of the Conquest of Florida Presented by Luys Hernandez de Biedma in the Year 1544 to the King of Spain in Quango". Retrieved 2010-02-10.
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  13. ^ Joseph, Frank "Unearthing Aboriginal America: The Lost Sagas of Conquerors, Castaways, and Scoundrels" 2008.
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  15. ^ Wisconsin Historical Society. "Mississippian Culture and Aztalan".
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  17. ^ Gale Courey Toensing, "Seneca Upset Over N.Y. Casino Agreement", Indian Country Today, 26 January 2011
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  36. ^ Risjord, Norman K. (2007). Wisconsin: The Story of the Badger State. Madison, Wisconsin: Trails Books. p. 63. ISBN978-1-931599-87-0.
  37. ^ http://www.uwbadgers.com/traditions/notables_120.html#nickname Archived 2006-xi-12 at the Wayback Machine
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  39. ^ http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/ref/collection/maps/id/643 Wisconsin Historical Society
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  43. ^ Merle Curti, The Making of an American Customs: A Case Study of Democracy in a Frontier County (1959) p one
  44. ^ Wyman, The Wisconsin Borderland, p 293
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  46. ^ "Dead! Ex.-Governor Nelson Dewey Passes Quietly Abroad". The Cassville Index. Cassville, Wisconsin. July 25, 1889. pp. one–3. Retrieved 2008-09-eleven .
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  54. ^ Schafer, Joseph (1922). A history of agronomics in Wisconsin. p. 84.
  55. ^ a b "Farming and Rural Life". Wisconsin Historical Social club. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
  56. ^ "The Rise of Dairy Farming". Wisconsin Historical Guild. Retrieved Apr 9, 2018.
  57. ^ "2001 Milk Production" (PDF). Marketing Service Bulletin. United states Department of Agronomics. Feb 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-02-21. Retrieved 2007-03-sixteen .
  58. ^ "Supremacy of Wisconsin in Dairy Interests". Marshfield Times. September 10, 1913. pp. ane, iv.
  59. ^ "Wisconsin Land Symbols in Wisconsin Blue Book 2005–2006, p. 968.
  60. ^ ""America's Dairyland" to Be Put on License Plates". Manitowoc Herald-Times. May 16, 1939. p. 1.
  61. ^ Kapler, Joseph, Jr. "On Wisconsin Icons: When You Say 'Wisconsin', What Exercise Yous Say?" Wisconsin History Jump 2002; pp. 18-31
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  63. ^ "Birth of Milwaukee's brewing industry is interesting story". The Milwaukee Journal. March 19, 1916. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
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  65. ^ "Milwaukee: Beer Capital of the World".
  66. ^ "shipbuilding in Wisconsin". Archived from the original on 2011-11-09.
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  68. ^ Ware, Alan (2002). The American direct primary: political party institutionalization and transformation in the North. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 118. ISBN978-0-521-81492-8.
  69. ^ Ranney, Joseph. "Wisconsin'southward Legal History: Police and the Progressive Era, Part three: Reforming the Workplace". Archived from the original on September xviii, 2012. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
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  1. ^ Groundwork on land offices and settlement

Bibliography [edit]

Surveys [edit]

  • Buenker, John (1988). "Wisconsin: As Maverick, Model, and Microcosm". In Madison, James H. (ed.). Heartland: Comparative Histories of the Midwestern States. Indiana Academy Press. pp. 59–85. ISBN9780253205766.
  • Campbell, Henry C. Wisconsin in Iii Centuries, 1684-1905 (4 vols.: 1, ii, 3, 4, 1906), highly detailed popular history
  • Conant, James K. Wisconsin Politics And Government: America'south Laboratory of Democracy (2006)
  • Current, Richard. Wisconsin: A History (2001)
  • Gara, Larry. A Short History of Wisconsin (1962)
  • Holmes, Fred Fifty. Wisconsin (5 vols., Chicago, 1946), detailed pop history with many biographies
  • Nesbit, Robert C. Wisconsin: A History (rev. ed. 1989)
  • Quaife, Milo Yard. Wisconsin, Its History and Its People, 1634-1924 (4 vols., 1924), detailed pop history & biographies
  • Raney, William Francis. Wisconsin: A Story of Progress (1940)
  • Robinson, A. H. and J. B. Culver, ed., The Atlas of Wisconsin (1974)
  • Van Ells, Marker D. Wisconsin [On-The-Route Histories]. (2009).
  • Vogeler, I. Wisconsin: A Geography (1986)
  • Wisconsin Cartographers' Society. Wisconsin's By and Nowadays: A Historical Atlas (2002)
  • Works Progress Assistants. Wisconsin: A Guide to the Annoy State (1941) detailed guide to every town and city, and cultural history

Detailed scholarly studies [edit]

  • Anderson, Theodore A. A Century of Cyberbanking in Wisconsin (1954)
  • Braun, John A. Together in Christ: A History of the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (2000)
  • Brøndal, Jørn. Ethnic Leadership and Midwestern Politics: Scandinavian Americans and the Progressive Movement in Wisconsin, 1890–1914. (2004) ISBN 0-87732-095-0
  • Buenker, John D. The History of Wisconsin, Volume 4: The Progressive Era, 1893–1914. Madison: Land Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1998. highly detailed history
  • Butts, Porter. Fine art in Wisconsin (1936)
  • Clark, James I. Education in Wisconsin (1958)
  • Cochran, Thomas C. The Pabst Brewing Company (1948)
  • Corenthal, Mike Illustrated History of Wisconsin Music 1840–1990: 150 Years (1991)
  • Current, Richard Nelson. History of Wisconsin, Volume 2: The Civil War Era, 1848–1873. Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1976. standard state history
  • Curti, Merle and Carstensen, Vernon. The University of Wisconsin: A History (two vols., 1949)
  • Curti, Merle. The Making of an American Customs A Case Study of Republic in a Frontier Canton (1969), in-depth quantitative social history
  • Fries, Robert F. Empire in Pine: The Story of Lumbering in Wisconsin, 1830–1900 (1951).
  • Geib, Paul. "From Mississippi to Milwaukee: A Case Study of the Southern Black Migration to Milwaukee, 1940–1970" The Periodical of Negro History, Vol. 83, 1998
  • Glad, Paul W. The History of Wisconsin, Volume five: State of war, a New Era and Low, 1914–1940. Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1990. standard state history
  • Haney, Richard C. A History of the Autonomous Party of Wisconsin since World State of war Two
  • Jensen, Richard The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896 (1971)
  • Lampard, Eric Due east. The Rise of the Dairy Industry in Wisconsin (1962)
  • McBride, Genevieve Thousand. On Wisconsin Women: Working for Their Rights from Settlement to Suffrage
  • Herbert F. Margulies; The Reject of the Progressive Movement in Wisconsin, 1890–1920 (1968)
  • Merrill, Horace S. William Freeman Vilas: Doctrinaire Democrat (1954) Democratic leader in 1880s and 1890s
  • Nesbit, Robert C. The History of Wisconsin, Volume three: Industrialization and Urbanization 1873–1893. Madison: Country Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1973.
  • Olson, Frederick I. Milwaukee: At the Gathering of the Waters
  • Ostergren, R. C. A Community Transplanted: The Trans-Atlantic Experience of a Swedish Immigrant Settlement in the Upper Middle Westward, 1835-1915 . (University of Wisconsin Press, 1q988).
  • Schafer, Joseph. A History of Agronomics in Wisconsin (1922)
  • Schafer, Joseph. "The Yankee and the Teuton in Wisconsin". Wisconsin Magazine of History, 6: two (December 1922), 125–145, compares Yankee and German language settlers
  • Smith, Alice. The History of Wisconsin, Book i: From Exploration to Statehood. Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1973.
  • Nonetheless, Bayrd. Milwaukee: The History of a City (1948)
  • Thelen, David. Robert M. La Follette and the Insurgent Spirit (1976)
  • Thompson, William F. The History of Wisconsin: Volume vi: Continuity and Alter 1940-1965. Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1988.
  • Unger, Nancy C. Fighting Bob La Follette: The Righteous Reformer (2000)

Master sources [edit]

  • Wisconsin Electronic Reader full text of many primary source books
  • The Badger Country: A documentary history of Wisconsin (1979)
  • La Follette'south Autobiography, a personal narrative of political experiences, 1913

Scholarly journal articles [edit]

  • Wisconsin Magazine of History archive of scholarly articles, Costless access

External links [edit]

  • "Turning Points in Wisconsin History" from the Wisconsin Historical Social club

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin

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